Wie regionale institutionen, wirtschaft und zivilgesellschaft die transnationalekooperationbedingen. Welchezukunft hat die grenzuber schreitende, europaische zusammenarbeit? Eine veranschaulichung am beispiel der deutsch-polnischengrenzregion Szczecin (Stettin)

Настоящая статья посвящена проблеме пограничных регионов и их роли в транснациональном сотрудничестве. На примере польского города Щецин (dt. Stettin) исследуются особенности и перспективы транснационального сотрудничества в Европ

The Doctrine of Incorporation by Reference: In re Herzog\u27s Estate

The Doctrine Of Incorporation By Reference: In Re Herzog\u27s Estat

Rapid dissolved gas analysis by means of electrochemical gas sensors

Rapid, introductory analysis of gases dissolved in insulating oil DGA carried out in the field can help in effective screening of faulty transformers as well as minimising number of classical laboratory chromatographic DGA tests. It is also crucial for shortening a time gap between oil sampling and its analysis. A novel approach to DGA is presented in this paper. A rapid analysis of oil samples is carried out by means of a portable analyser fitted with electrochemical gas sensors. Extraction of gases from the oil matrix is achieved by means of a dynamic, closed loop stripping process. The analyser, which was built, is controlled by a microprocessor and may be operated in the field as an autonomous device. The system incorporates only two gas sensors and due to an extended set of their output signal wave descriptors used for the analysis it allows for a reliable identification of fault gases present in an oil sample. The identification of basic transformer fault types is illustrated on the basis of analytical results obtained for artificial oil samples prepared in a laboratory as well as those taken from transformers in-operation

Sequential fissions of heavy nuclear systems

In Xe+Sn central collisions from 12 to 20 MeV/A measured with the INDRA 4$\pi$ multidetector, the three-fragment exit channel occurs with a significant cross section. In this contribution, we show that these fragments arise from two successive binary splittings of a heavy composite system. Strong Coulomb proximity effects are observed in the three-fragment final state. By comparison with Coulomb trajectory calculations, we show that the time scale between the consecutive break-ups decreases with increasing bombarding energy, becoming compatible with quasi-simultaneous multifragmentation above 18 MeV/A.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, contribution to conference proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Nuclear fission and Fission-Product Spectroscop

Semiconductor optical amplifiers and raman amplification for 1310-nm wavelength division multiplexed transmission

We investigate the utilization of semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) and quantum-dot laser-based Raman amplifiers in high-capacity dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) 1310-nm transmission systems. Performed simulations showed that in a 10×40  Gbit/s 10×40  Gbit/s system, the utilization of a single Raman amplifier in a back-propagation scheme can extend the maximum error-free (bit error rate <10 −9 <10−9 ) transmission distance by approximately 25 km in comparison with the same system utilizing only an SOA used as a preamplifier. We successfully applied a Raman amplifier in an 8×2×40  Gbit/s 8×2×40  Gbit/s 1310-nm polarization multiplexed (PolMux) DWDM transmission over 25 km. Conducted experiments showed that the utilization of a Raman amplifier in this system leads to 4-dB improvement of the average channel sensitivity in comparison to the same system utilizing SOAs. This sensitivity improvement can be translated into a higher power budget. Moreover, lower input optical power in a system utilizing a Raman amplifier reduces the four-wave mixing interactions. The obtained results prove that Raman amplification can be successfully applied in 1310-nm high-capacity transmission systems, e.g., to extend the reach of 400G and 1T Ethernet systems